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Visual Estimation / Observation Speeding Ticket Expert
By Perry Zucker
Police Visual Estimation / Observation Speeding - How does It Works? (Theory):
In some states, police officers / troopers must make an independent visual estimation observation of the target vehicle coupled with use a speed measuring device, e.g. radar, laser / lidar, pacing / pace, gap time / timing, vascar. - By Perry Zucker
Basically, the officer / trooper observes a target vehicle
State |
Statute |
State |
Statute |
State |
Statute |
|
Alabama |
32-5A-190, 32-5A-171 |
Alaska |
28.35.040, 13 AAC 002.275 |
Arizona |
28-693, 28-701, 28-701.02 |
|
Arkansas |
27-50-308, 27-51-201 |
California |
VC §22348(b), 22352 |
Colorado |
42-4-1101, 42-4-1401, 42-4-1402 |
|
Connecticut |
14-222, 14-218a, 14-219 |
Delaware |
21-4168, 21-4175 |
District of Columbia |
DC Code 50-2201.04 |
|
Florida |
316.192, 316.183, 316.187 |
Georgia |
40-6-390, 40-6-180 to 189 |
Hawaii |
291-2, 291C-101, 291C-102 |
|
Idaho |
49-1401, 49-654 |
Illinois |
625 ILCS 5/11-503, 5/11-601 |
Indiana |
9-21-5, 9-21-8-52 |
|
Iowa |
321.277, 321.285 |
Kansas |
8-1558, 8-1566 |
Kentucky |
189.290, 189.390 |
|
Louisiana |
§32:61-32:64 |
Maine |
29A §2413, 29A §2074 |
Maryland |
21-801.1, 21-901.1 |
|
Massachusetts |
Ch. 90 §17, Ch. 90 §24 |
Michigan |
257.626, 257.627-257.633 |
Minnesota |
169.14, 169.13 |
|
Mississippi |
63-3-501, 63-3-1201 |
Missouri |
304.010, 304.012 |
Montana |
61-8-301, 61-8-303 |
|
Nebraska |
60-6,213, 60-6,186 |
Nevada |
484.377, 484.361 |
New Hampshire |
265:79, 265:60 |
|
New Jersey |
39:4-96, 39:4-98 |
New Mexico |
66-8-113, 66-7-301 |
New York |
VTL 1180 d1, d2, d3, d4, 1212, 1643 |
|
North Carolina |
20-16.1, 20-141 |
North Dakota |
39-08-03, 39-09-02 |
Ohio |
4511.20, 4511-21 |
|
Oklahoma |
47-11-901, 47-11-801 |
Oregon |
811.109, 811.140 |
Pennsylvania |
75 §3362, 75 §3736 |
|
Puerto Rico |
T. 9 § 5122, T. 9 § 5128 |
Rhode Island |
31-14 |
South Carolina |
56-5-11 |
|
South Dakota |
32-24, 32-25 |
Tennessee |
55-10-205, 55-8-152 |
Texas |
§545.352, §545.401 |
|
Utah |
41-6a-601, 41-6a-528 |
Vermont |
23/1091, 23/1081, 23/1097 |
Virginia |
46.2-862, 46.2-870 |
|
Washington |
46.61.500, 46.61.400, 46.61.465 |
West Virginia |
17C-5-3, 17C-6 |
Wisconsin |
346.57, 346.62 |
|
Wyoming |
31-5-301, 31-5-229 |
|
|
|
* As of 2012 |
State Statutes for Speeding*
- Speeding Tickets: radar, laser / lidar, pacing, pace, gap time, Vascar, visual estimations
- Probable Cause Traffic Stops
- Traffic Control Devices
- Research and Training: Speeding / Traffic Control Devices
- Discovery Analysis
- Forensic Site Analysis
- Expert Witness Testimony
(yours / defendant) and uses their training to estimate the speed of the vehicle under surveillance. The officer uses their visual depth perception coupled with the size and the timing of the target vehicle, with respects to clue points, e.g. trees, poles, perpendicular painted pavement lines on the roadway.
Visual Estimation / Observation Accuracy - Speed
The use of visual estimations / observations to enforce speed limit laws has NOT been given judicial recognition in all states. However, there is no scientific consistent way to check, but merely an average constant concerning accuracy. Some departments may have there own specification(s) accurate level(s).
Police Visual Estimation / Observation Speeding - Trial Preparation:
Review all the document(s) / evidence (objectionable / objections) that the officer plans to use on the trial date. Most police officers that issue a speeding ticket uses a speed measuring device such as: radar, pacing / pace, gap timing / Vascar coupled with visual estimations / observations are "Experts" in the operation of the aforementioned action(s). Logically the best defense, is to retain an "Expert / Expert Witness" in this exact field. The expert should be an engineer, that is familiar with radar, pacing / pace, gap timing / Vascar speed measuring device (certified speed measuring device operator / instructor), police training , vehicle characteristics, certified vehicle technician/ mechanic, as well as court rules.
Usually trial by declaration (mail) rarely is successful (selected states).
Visual Estimation Speeding Expert Witness Services
We offer visual speed estimation experts that can provide site investigations, review of all material, as well as expert witness testimony concerning the speeding ticket / probable cause traffic stops that are in question.
Testimonials / Reviews
If you have been pulled over for PROBABLE CAUSE while traveling in your vehicle , call the best EXPERT WITNESS to help defend you. Much of his work is concentrated on speeding due to radar , laser or pacing methods utilized by police. If you want a tough , highly successful Expert Witness , then call Perry Zucker !! - CR